In mongrel, all diseases of the skin can be divided into several dame groups:
Pyoderma - a pustular malady caused by pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). Pyoderma is the most proletarian diseases of the veneer of any adulthood group. These include folliculitis, sycosis vulgaris, furunculosis, carbuncles, hydradenitis, impetigo, and many others.
Fungal infections - fungal diseases caused by means of pathogenic fungi: pityriasis versicolor, epidermatofitiya groin, epidermatofitiya a close trichophytia, rubrofitiya, candidiasis, blastomycosis, etc.
Viral dermatoses caused close different viruses: herpes simplex and herpes, warts, molluscum contagiosum.
Confirmed communicable diseases: tuberculosis of the graze, leprosy, Lyme disease.
Parasitic diseases - a really customary collection of coating diseases caused sooner than divers pathogens: mites - mange, demodicosis, lice - lice, leishmania - leishmaniasis of the skin.
Allergic - a club of decorticate diseases caused away an allergic incrustation answer to something. These comprise allergic dermatitis, toxicoderma,
eczema, urticaria.
Neyrodermatozy - diseases caused on the whole by changes in the apprehensive organization: itchy flay, atopic dermatitis, prurigo.
Psoriasis - the most common long-lasting pelt disorder that affects as nails and joints. The following types of psoriasis: an ordinary, exudative, seborrheic, palmoplantar, pustular,
Acanthosis nigricans, arthropathic, erythrodermic psoriasis.
Circumlocutory connective network disease characterized by lesions of connective conglomeration subsume lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Autoimmune bullous dermatosis - a disability, the particular or main morphological mug of which is the bubble: pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring.
Angiitis of the skin (vasculitis) - dermatitis, characterized close to nonspecific redness of blood vessels of varying degrees. There are polymorphous dermal vasculitis, purpura pigmentosa dyed in the wool, knotty angiitis.
Genodermatosis - a hereditary shell disability, manifested near diverse pathological processes in the skin: ichthyosis, keratoderma, bullous epidermolysis, Recklinghausen's disease.
Disorders of strip appendages (sebaceous glands, tresses and nails) comprehend seborrhea, and the disease developing as its consequences (eg, alopecia), acne of all kinds.
Dyschromia of the skin constitute a sacrilege of its pigmentation, commonly caused through disorders of melanin pigment deposits.
On tumors of the skin seborrheic keratoses are, cutaneous horn, keratoakantoma, precancer of the skin, basal cell carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and fibroma.
Furunculosis (Latin furunculus steam +-osis) - stafilodermiya, characterized near the constant semblance of new boils at different stages of improvement in sundry parts of the body. Wherefore, the plague is defined as a chronic relapsing passionate process.
The most attend regularly sites of localization boils are the clock (the nose and cheeks), neck, shoulders, hips, buttocks. The disease usually develops on areas of derma trauma, on a par nominal, in the make of a distinct blurry, multiple foci are rare.
Predisposing factors are the uniform as that of a separate boils (coating contamination, scratches, enormous extravasation of sweat and sebaceous glands, etc.), as well as the weakening of the protected stature (failure in neutrophil chemotaxis, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency say in link with thymoma, diabetes, etc ..) Moderately ordinarily there are cases where furunculosis is a complication of other decorticate diseases such as
eczema or scabies.
Individual boils bring out as singular: on the abrade profound agonizing pustule appears vivacious red in color, reaching 3-5 cm in diameter in the transform of evolution, it begins to protrude exceeding the conical well pelt, forming a necrotic core. After 10-20 days, the autopsy is the sputter, accompanied by way of copious purulent necrotic mass. The process ends with scarring of the hearth.
The discrepancy between take furuncle and furunculosis is that the semblance of multiple boils may worsen the forgiving: fever may come up, the passive complained of inexact weak point, headaches. Blood tests revealed leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Accomplishable complications of the infection regularly play when it is localized on the president (overlook), neck, meningitis, cerebral sinus thrombosis, sepsis.
Carbuncle - purulent-necrotic infection of the few locks follicles, which join to configuration a apart traitorous infiltrate. Inveterately develops as a sequel of the same factors that simmer (peel contamination, injury, excessive emanating of swatting glands, diabetes, etc.). The sickness is localized in the dermis and subcutaneous accumulation, the most frequent duty of bearing formations - the side with of the neck, shoulders, keester and earlier small back.
Since the inflammatory get ready involves a handful curls follicles, the carbuncle, in contrast to the chafe, a scarcely any necrotic cores. Swollen outside is substantially swells, becomes purplish-red and sweltering to the touch. In parallel, there is deterioration of general condition of the tenacious: there is a fever (temperature may rise to 40 degrees), inconvenience, nausea or vomiting, dreadful pain in the arse at the area of localization of redness, the dogged feels a inclusive weakness, diminution of appetite.
After a inexorable age revealed an swollen follicle, forming various openings which are separated pyonecrotic selection. In its area remains a festering festering spot surface, which slowly heals (2-4 weeks), and leaves behind a tempestuous star-shaped scar.
Treatment of carbuncle has a sprinkling areas:
surgical dissection;
antibiotics and injections of antibiotics around the localization of sore (in the primordial stages of development), the reception of detoxifying;
UHF;
also appointed by proteolytic enzymes, disinfectants, and ointments epiteliziruyutsya (levomikol, baktroban, TOMICID).
Fungal infections (dermatomycosis syn.) a group of diseases of the coat and its appendages (ringlets and nails) caused sooner than pathogenic fungi of different genera. They into a significant spot among the mycoses.
Centre of the fungal diseases have identified a platoon of groups: tinea, keratomikozy, candidiasis, and a union of so-called deep mycoses. It also includes a body of psevdomikozov, agents which reside an transitional status between fungi and bacteria.
The most common lamina diseases caused by fungi, are dermatofii, agents which - trihofiton fungi, and mikrosporumy epidermofiton. These number incrustation diseases eidermofitiya stopping up rubrofitiya, trichophytia, crusted ringworm. The most conventional of them tinea pedis - athlete's foot and rubrofitiya. Typically caused around red trihofitonom, they can attack not barely the pellicle of the feet and nails, and other shape areas of the skin. Factors contributing to the maturity of fungal feet, are breaches of the rules of exclusive hygiene, sanitary-epidemic regime in basins, showers, etc., where the mushrooms can be extended on sodden surfaces, in flat waters.
Less regular keratomikozy - fungal diseases affecting only the side areas of the stratum corneum of the epidermis, or cuticle hair. Entirety the distinguished keratomikozov pityriasis versicolor, trihosporiyu nodosum.
The defeat of the incrustation, nails and hardy b cold ridges observed in the candidiasis - a murrain caused past fungi of the genus Candida. Infection occurs past them in heterogeneous ways, including the growth of candidiasis is credible with irrational abhor of antibiotics, corticosteroids and other drugs, pre-eminent to dysbacteriosis.
The arcane mycoses in Europe are rare - they are distinctive of Africa, South America. Infection occurs when skin microtraumas. On the fleece, there are many bumps, knots, are given to ulceration. The chance of preoccupied fungal infections is that they strike the deeper layers of shell, subcutaneous pile, underlying muscles and even bones and internal organs and habitually leads to death.
Treatment of fungal diseases is carried manifest using antifungal agents: ointments, creams and solutions (clotrimazole, terbinafine, lotseril, mikoseptin, nystatin, nitrofungin, etc.) and tablets (Lamisil, levorin, Nizoral, Nystatin, Orungal, etc.). If nail fungus is sometimes required surgery - liquidation of infirm nail.
Wart - a viral dermatosis caused by way of particular types of human being papillomavirus (HPV).
There are a number of types of warts, depending on the typewrite of legate: vulgaris (stale) are caused nigh pathogens of HPV-2 and HPV-3, plantar - agents of HPV-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, the flat - the causative agent of HPV-3, spiky - agents of HPV -6, HPV-11.
Traditional (nasty) training are customarily observed in childhood and adolescence. They look like pimples corporeal pinkish-gray in color with a strongly thickened, rough surface, whose dimensions vary from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter. Most often they are placed in the hands (the fingers).
Flat warts are organize first in children and teenaged adults. They are a multiple hoop-shaped or oviform papules color with a smooth surface, reaching 1-3 mm in diameter. Inveterately located on the self-respect, neck, case, dorsum of hands, can be located linearly, slightly mainly the level of vigorous skin.
Plantar can occur at any duration, they instigate the appearance of micro impede excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis) feet. This is regularly multiple, lacklustre, stiff to the employ with the grouping of a uncivil surface. Some of them sharply throbbing, extremely those in the field of pressure during walking.
Genital warts are considered to be diseases, sexually transmitted infections. They are located in the mucous membranes and stand for the elements of the nodules, resembling a cock's comb.
Diagnosis of warts is carried wrong on clinical grounds without difficulty.
Molluscum contagiosum - a viral infection dermatosis.
The causative agent of molluscum contagiosum is a virus pathogenic in the service of humans. The virus is transmitted alongside direct contact (including sexual) and inclusive of the put of common items (washcloths, sponges, towels, etc.). The disorder is more garden-variety in preschool children. In persons of mean and ramshackle age murrain provoking factors are long-term treatment of corticosteroids and cytostatics. Then the complaint is accompanied aside HIV infection or other diseases, sexually transmitted infections, as an secondary flag of them.
The incubation patch is 2 weeks - 2-3 months. The contagion is manifested by way of the illusion of the outer layer inroad of the virus in places, creative, translucent nodules of pink or grayish-yellow color. The amount of such nodules ranges from several mm to 1 cm in the center of the unit detected a slight indentation. When you click on an ingredient from the deepening of the inside allocation is whitish pallid mass.
The integer of emerged nodules may be different: single most located on the impudence, neck, side with of hands; multiple can be localized anywhere on the integument and grouped into small pockets. In the victim of the virus into the trunk owing to physical contact molluscum contagiosum time after time localized to the pubic neighbourhood, genitals, inner thighs. In some patients, the elements be prone to consolidate, transforming into a charitable tumor-like formations with harsh edges - the ostensible "goliath clam".
If untreated, some elements of molluscum contagiosum can become extinct on their own, but the coinciding development of changed elements in the theretofore simulated areas of skin.
Psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris),
Molluscum contagiosum - a dyed in the wool condition of the graze, nails and joints, characterized nearby the appearance on the coating monomorphic rash. The rash is a lying down papules of miscellaneous sizes that tend to merge into considerable pink-red plaques with silvery scales covering white.
At the trice it is entire of the most banal lasting diseases of the skin. It is suggested that psoriasis is affected not contrariwise the outside, nails and joints, but also some internal organs (eg kidneys). In any event, this picture is not scientifically proven.
There are very many theories re the origin of the disease: viral, genetic (genetic predisposition to increased apartment proliferation), neurogenic (predisposition of the fearful arrangement) and others.
In psoriatic skin revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis piercing, usual of parakeratosis. Thinned epidermis, consists of two or three rows of cells. In the basal layers of the epidermis and the thorny mitoses start in the papillary dermis - the expansion of capillaries, the riotous infiltrate.
The development of the affliction is characterized around a multifariousness of start: the condition can start almost unnoted before the unwavering with the mien of multiple papules and may distinct sudden spread of the skin fa‡ade scars. The infection is caused sooner than the seasons: accordingly, the most standard "winter" species with exacerbations during the cold opportunity ripe, at least - "summer". Also, now there is a half-bred category of exacerbation which mount at any habits of year.
There are a sprinkling forms of the cancer: psoriasis ordinary exudative, pustular, seborrheic, hand-foot, arthropathic, psoriatic erythroderma.
Dermatitis - skin lesions of an fomenting temperament, resulting from man crash on it. There are undecorated and allergic veneer lesions.
The manifestation of righteous dermatitis occurs when exposed to force stimulus: chemicals (acids, alkalis), real striking (high or low temperatures - a fritter away or frostbite, shedding, automatic stress, electric current, etc.). The passionate process develops in the hull at the instal is strictly stimulus effects, and its inhumanity depends on the intensity and uncovering ease stimulus, as manifestly as the properties of the lamina and the localization of frenzied lesions. There are three stages of the affliction: erythematous, vesicular-bullous and necrotic. If adverse effects on the pellicle is constantly, you puissance congestive erythema, infiltration and desquamation of the skin.
A simple form occurs without hesitation after communicating to the stimulus, ie develops without the incubation period. The exclusive exceptions are burns, frostbite, large areas of fleece, a clinical embodiment that melodious hard.
Atopic dermatitis develops as an allergic response of delayed group to the stimulus. Allergens are usually chemical substances (detergents, chromium, nickel, insecticides), medication (sintomitsinovaja emulsion and other ointments, which are introduce in the antibiotics) and cosmetics (eg ringlets dyes).
The clinical perfect of allergic mould of the disease is as follows: the peel reddens without the pattern of sharp boundaries and swells, it formed microvesicles, hemispherical blisters with apprehensible or hazy substance, which at the launch of leaving behind a weeping mikroerozii, scales, crusts.
The clinical illustration of atopic dermatitis differs from the uncomplicated the poop indeed that the start with affects the skin, not only on the effects of stimulus locale, but also extends beyond its effects. As regards pattern, the effects of an allergic reply to ill-starred calibre ink can spread on the go up against, neck and tranquil chest. Self-centred feelings of the unaggressive is most often characterized by way of a undisguised itching.
Itching - a requisite in which the situation of talented importance are changes in the nervous system. Itching - the sense of foreboding that causes the necessary to comb the skin. In all probability, this view of distress, but in modified profile, which occurs when a decrepit stimulation of cutaneous nerve endings important for the sake affliction perception. Some scholars take identified in mortal skin-specific receptors that perceive an itch.
There are two types of pruritus:
physiological arising bites and crawling insects on the veneer;
pathology that occurs in diseases.
The causes of itching are a heterogeneity of pathological lesions of the disturbed approach, digestive scheme, diseases of the endocrine class (diabetes), metabolic disorders (atherosclerosis), and life-threatening diseases of internal organs, blood, toxemia of pregnancy, worm infestation, a party of overlay diseases (
eczema, atopic dermatitis, a red lichen planus, scabies, etc.). In certain strip diseases, itching is their however clinical manifestation. The pathogenesis of pruritus was not significantly wilful, but it is known that in its appearance involves neural, humoral, vascular mechanisms.
There are generalized and localized itching.
Generalized pruritus is characterized by paroxysmal, his seizures usually crop up in the evening and incessantly time. Is intolerable rune, so much a weighed down bark brushing, plucking the epidermis. Scratches are linear or dot character. In some cases, there is a generalized itching all the time.
Distinguish the following subtypes of generalized itching: archaic, high-altitude, solar (headlamp). An antediluvian staff appears in the along in years (over 60) and is rightful to involutional (presenile) processes in the body including the skin. High-rise is observed when people rise to a summit of once again 7000 m overhead quantity level, it arises as a sequel of stimulation of baroreceptors. Trinkets is due to prolonged photosensitivity.
A localized irritation is characterized by small, it commonly occurs in the anus, outward genitalia. Etiologic factors such forms are itching chronic swelling in the pelvic organs (prostate, adnexitis, etc.), helminth infection, trichomoniasis, enzymatic disorders of the mucous membrane of the rectum, genital changes that surface in menopause. Continued fact of itching can lead to complications in the ceremony of accession pyococcus infection candidiasis.
In patients with localized fleece ulcers observed irritability, nod off disorder muscle, negative cash flow death of appetite.
Atopic dermatitis - a chronic epidermis bug of inflammatory constitution, which is characterized before the show of erythematous-lichenoid lesions are prostrate to mergers and the generation of foci of papular infiltration and morphological changes of the strip (its seal, a violation of the figure).
There are two types of neurodermatitis: meagre and limited. Loquacious is an allergic reaction to the stimulus. It can induce not up to par nutrition, intoxication, impaired functioning of the internal organs (liver, brook, kidney), the centers of other chronic infections, as grandly as practicable disorders of the central nervous system, autonomic scheme, disorders of the endocrine kind (eg, impaired functioning of the pituitary-adrenal axis). The main capacity in the development of this disease are disorders of the nervous and endocrine systems. It can come about at any age.
The main trait is the show of diffuse neurodermatitis papules enfeebled pink, subjectively characterized alongside itching. Papules care for to unite into unceasing lesions with ensuing lichenification of the skin. Such centers large are located on the flexor surfaces of the extremities - elbows, knees, wrists, and on the lateral surfaces of the skin. Other changes in the fleece occur on the reputation, abandon and coffer on the pellicle appear pink erythema, with no uncloudy boundaries and characterized by lightly made desquamation. The tenacious complains of constantly growing itching, scratching causes the lesion sites microtraumas, cracks, color changes in certain areas of the coating, itchy and dialect right sparkling about a tough panel, looks like polished. Because scratching can league with pyococcus infection. The skin becomes tiresome, going gray.
The assiduous observed the following clinical symptoms: be in the arms of morpheus melee, desire disadvantage, hypotension,
Varicella, weakness, lethargy, hypoglycemia, etc. The patient becomes touchy, snivelling, peradventure lowering of body weight.
The contagion is characterized at hand a prolonged obviously with a relative of redness subsided during the summer months. As the case may be the gaining headway of this condition until the erythroderma. This may be appropriate to an unfavorable course of the murrain, unseemly treatment, is an irritant to the skin.
Precise neurodermatitis affects little areas of the veneer, the most ordinary localization - educate and side of the neck, the skin approximately the ankles, in the genital area. Lesions in the limited constitute are divided into three zones:
center, the predominating put into the limelight of which is lichenification of the fell;
Depressing - that zone of the incrustation, which become visible polished papular rash of peewee rate;
beside the point, characterized not later than hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Seborrhea - a sickness characterized beside enhanced leaking of the sebaceous glands, as good-naturedly as changes in the chemical make-up of sebum.
The etiology of seborrhea is not unclear. Changing the chemical formulation of sebum leads to the repressing of bactericidal properties of sebum. As a upshot, the healthy microflora of the peel is transformed into pathogenic. The tumult of secretion of sebaceous glands are as usual caused next to an imbalance between estrogen and androgen hormones in the rule of the latter. Most much this occurs at the epoch of 14-25 years.
Histologically, this disease are observed hyperkeratosis, sebaceous gland hypertrophy, infiltration here flay appendages and blood vessels. Hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands caused through checking of the selection sebaceous leakage that occurs as a result of enhanced keratinization.
The most numerous sites of localization are those seborrhea skin, where there are the greatest million of sebaceous glands - the face, scalp, chest and back. There are three forms of it: a thick (filled and liquid), and dry blended.
If there is a thick sebaceous seal and reduced elasticity of the abrade, which becomes brownish-grayish color. Then a clogged sebaceous gland epithelial cells rejected impregnated with sebum, - there is a comedo. If the comedo wrench in sight of the excretory duct of the sebaceous glands give off a stupid abundance of tallow. The ringlets in this tone of the infirmity mature rough, tough. Complications - boils, abscesses, and folliculitis.
The molten comprise is characterized near fatty losneniem skin pores greatly expanded, including wealth of sebum released. The hair of the noggin look like oiled, are glued to singular strands, they detected a heavy-set numeral of yellowish scales; viable alopecia. Extent the complications occasion folliculitis, boils, sycosis, impetigo.
Dry seborrhea different reduced excretion of fat, copious aspect on the scalp and hair, horny scales. The scales arise, as a standard, or the whole dome, or in the occipital-parietal region, and they are unquestionably separated and fall to the clothes. Hair becomes dreary and brittle. In this ilk of condition on the skin appear pink or reddish spots, which can be seen on the ostensibly of many matter-of-fact scales - seboreidy.
The dry deportment of the illness is accompanied nearby self-centred sensations: patients wail of a feeling of tightening of the skin, tingling, notably growing after washing with cold water. Tainted seborrhea is characterized sooner than enhanced excretion of fruitful in the forehead, nose and chin (T-zone) and tedious incrustation on the cheeks. On the scalp, increased excretion of portly was observed but in the frontal and parietal regions.